Operators¶

In this chapter we will introduce the operators provided by the Ring programming language.

Arithmetic Operators¶

The next table presents all of the arithmetic operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=50 and variable Y=10 then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
+	Add	x+y	60
-	Subtract	x-y	40
*	Multiplies	x*y	500
/	Divide	x/y	5
%	Modulus	x%y	0
++	Increment	x++	51
- -	Decrement	x- -	49

The next table presents all of the relational operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=50 and variable Y=10 then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
=	Equal	x = y	False
!=	Not Equal	x != y	True
>	Greater than	x > y	True
<	Less than	x < y	False
>=	Greater or Equal	x >= y	True
<=	Less than or Equal	x <= y	False

The next table presents all of the logical operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=True and variable Y=False then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
and	Logical AND	x and y	False
or	Logical OR	x or y	True
not	Logical Not	not x	False

Another style

Operator	Description	Example	Result
&&	Logical AND	x && y	False
\|\|	Logical OR	x \|\| y	True
!	Logical Not	! x	False

The next table presents all of the bitwise operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=8 and variable Y=2 then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
&	Binary AND	x & y	0
\|	Binary OR	x \| y	10
^	Binary XOR	x ^ y	10
~	Binary Ones Complement	~x	-9
<<	Binary Left Shift	x << y	32
>>	Binary Right Shift	x >> y	2

The next table presents all of the assignment operators provided by the Ring language.

Assume variable X=8 then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
=	Assignment	x = 10	x=10
+=	Add AND assignment	x += 5	x=13
-=	Subtract AND assignment	x -= 3	x=5
*=	Multiply AND assignment	x *= 2	x=16
/=	Divide AND assignment	x /= 3	x=2.67
%=	Modulus AND assignment	x %= 2	x=0
<<=	Left shift AND assignment	x <<= 2	x=32
>>=	Right shift AND assignment	x >>= 2	x=2
&=	Bitwise AND assignment	x &= 4	x=0
\|=	Bitwise OR and assignment	x \|= 3	x=11
^=	Bitwise XOR and assignment	x ^= 4	x=12

Operator	Description
:literal	using : before identifier mean literal
Start:End	create list contains items from start to end
[list items]	define list items
list[index]	access list item
obj.name	using the dot operator to access object members (attributes/methods).
obj {stmts}	execute statements with direct access to object attributes & methods
func(para,…)	call function using parameters separated by comma
? <expr>	Print expression then new line

The next table present operators from higher precedence (Evaluated first) to lower precedence.

Example:

See 3+5*4       # prints 23